A zero-hierarchy culture de-emphasizes the role of seniority and rank in the workplace. A workplace embracing a zero-hierarchy culture could claim, for example, that every voice in the company matters equally. The workplace could have policies that allow any worker to attend board meetings and propose changes, or have hiring policies that believe someone junior might be able to walk onto the job and deliver immense value even with minimal experience. This culture was first popularized in some finance and tech companies, but has since been adopted by some professionals across many industries.

The idea that relationships should be 50/50 refers to the belief that within relationships between men and women, all aspects of the relationship should be divided evenly between the two people. This includes equal effort in meeting each others emotional needs, equal monetary contribution and equal effort in shared tasks such as chores.

Urban beautification refers to city-wide initiatives that enhance the visual and physical appearance of urban spaces through projects including but not limited to landscaping, street cleaning, infrastructure upgrades, the reorganization of public spaces, and the development of informal settlements.

For the purposes of this debate, while the rate is set globally, the revenue accrues to national governments. 

Singapore, a British trading hub, joined the newly independent Federation of Malaya in 1963 to form Malaysia. The union quickly soured due to differences over how to manage ethnic diversity, political representation and economic arrangements between Singapore’s government and Malaysia’s leadership. In 1965, Singapore became an independent republic.

Scientists have developed a synthetic airborne compound that, when inhaled, permanently alters the human immune system to make individuals allergic to all forms of animal meat and animal by-products (including dairy, eggs, and gelatin). The allergy is immediate, irreversible, and universal across genetic backgrounds. It is not lethal, but causes highly unpleasant symptoms. While the compound is non-toxic and harmless beyond inducing the allergy, once released it cannot be contained or reversed.

The US–Philippines Military Bases Agreement (MBA) allowed the United States to operate major military bases in the Philippines. In 1991, the Philippine Senate voted to terminate the agreement, and US forces withdrew from the Philippines by 1992.

For the purposes of this debate, assume that Heaven and Hell exist as destinations after death. Humans know that there is an afterlife, but not of its nature. Placement in Heaven or Hell is determined by the overall balance of a person’s moral actions and intentions in life, judged by an impartial standard that weighs both harms and virtues. Heaven represents a state of ultimate fulfillment and peace. Hell represents the consequences of one’s moral failings, which may range from suffering to separation from fulfillment, proportionate to the seriousness of those failings. These outcomes are eternal and irreversible.